Solution to Electromagnetic Induction-pg2

Solution to Electromagnetic Induction-pg1

Huygen's Theory on Wave Propagation

Shape of Wavefronts and their sources:

Huygen's Postulates on wave Propagation:

 Click Here  Proof on Laws of Reflection and Refraction Using Huygen's Construction

Proof of Laws of Ray-Optics using Huygen's Construction

Proof of Law of Reflection using Huygen's Construction

Proof of Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law) using Huygen's Construction:

Polarization of Light

Definition of Unpolarized Light and its representation:

Polarization by Selective Absorption (Use of Dichoric Crystal):

Definition of Polarized Light and its representation:

Brewster's Law (Polarization by Reflection):

Polaroid and its uses:

Detection of Light whether it is unpolarised, partially polarised or plane polarised:

If the light is allowed to fall on a polaroid filter and the polaroid is rotated through 360 degrees and the following effect is noted:

Diffraction of Light

What is diffraction?

Condition Necessary for observing Diffraction:

Why diffraction of sound is so common while diffraction of light is not?

In order to observe diffraction it is required that the size of obstacle or slit must be comparable to that of the wavelength of the wave being used. Sound have wavelength of the order of few centimeter to few metre, and most of the objects in day to day life also has the same size.

But in case of light the wavelength being in nanometer(nm) order so the size of the obstacle or slit must also be the same, but in day to day life we don't have the nanometer size of the obstacle or slit hence the diffraction of light is not so commonly observed.

While X-Ray diffraction in order to study the crystal structure meet this requirement, (crystal lattice size being of the nm order and X-ray wavelength also of nm order) hence X-rays are often used to study the crystal structure.

Cause of Diffraction:

Type of Diffraction: 

There are basically two types of diffraction pattern (i) Fraunhofer Class and (ii) Fresnel's Class.

Fraunhofer Class of diffraction is observed by the  superposition of wavelets originating from plane wavefront while Fresnel's class of diffraction is observed due to superposition of wavelets originating from circular wavefront.

Requirement of Fraunhofer Diffraction:

Experimental setup of Fraunhofer Class of Diffraction Pattern:

Diffraction Pattern as obtained on screen:

Intensity Distribution Graph of Fraunhofer Diffraction Pattern:

Explanation of formation of central maxima in diffraction pattern:

In order to explain formation of central maxima of diffraction pattern, we use HUYGEN'S theory of wave propagation whereby "Every particle of the medium situated on the wavefront acts as a source of secondary wavelets". So when plane wavefront arrives at the slit, every points (X1, Y1 etc.) on the slit acts as a source of secondary wavelets, refer to the fig.

Thus the wavelets originating from any two diametrically opposite points (X1 and X2 or Y1 and Y2 etc.) has to travel the same distance in order to reach the center (C) of the screen, hence the path difference between any of the wavelets originated by these diametrically opposite pair is zero, and they interfere constructively, producing maxima on the screen. Hence brightness is observed at the center of the screen.

Explanation for formation of minima in diffraction pattern at an angular position P:

Explanation for formation of secondary maxima in diffraction pattern at an angular position 'P':

Application of Potentiometer

Uses and Applications of Potentiometer:

Comparison of two unknown emf's with the help of potentiometer:

Determining the internal resistance of dry cell with the help of potentiometer:

Comparing two Resistances with the help of potentiometer:

Wave Theory of Light - Electromagnetic Spectrum

What is Light? Age old questions, put up by many physicist... Is it wave or a particle (corpuscules)...

To begin with, we would refer this in context to our CISCE syllabus, light as a part of electromagnetic spectrum along with other counter parts such as RADIO, MICRO, INFRA, VISIBLE, ULTRA VIOLET, X-Rays, and GAMMA. (Seven such rays, auspicious number सात जन्म, सात कसमें, सात फेरे  and so on...).

As per the council rules what (STUDENTS) you need to know specifically in this chapter:

• Common properties of all em waves.
• Names of different types of em waves.
• Uses of each type of waves.
• Identification of waves on their usage.
• Arrangement of increasing/decreasing order of em waves.
• Harmful/danger's of different types of em waves.

The images below shows different components of electromagnetic waves with  their uses in day to day life.

Niche way to learn uses of e-m waves, just listen two to three times...it will keep resounding in your ears.

Frequency and Wavelength Chart of em waves