The basic
principle of the ac generator is a direct consequence of Faraday's law of
induction. When a conducting loop is rotated in a magnetic field at constant
angular frequency ω a sinusoidal voltage (emf) is induced in the loop. This
instantaneous voltage is,
V = V0 sin
ωt
... (i)
AC generator in action
The usual circuit diagram
symbol for an ac source or generator is shown in Figure.
Another video to explain how AC Generator Works
In Equation (i) V0 is
the maximum output voltage of the ac generator, or the voltage amplitude and w
is the angular frequency, equal to 2π times the frequency f.
ω = 2πf
The frequency of ac in India is
50 Hz, i.e.,
f = 50 Hz
So,
ω = 2πf » 314 rad/s
The time of one cycle is known
as time period T, the number of cycles per second the frequency f.
T = 1/f or T = 2π/ω
A sinusoidal current might be
described as,
i = i0 sin ωt
If an alternating current is passed through an ordinary ammeter
or voltmeter, it will record the mean value for the complete cycle, as the
quantity to be measured varies with time. The average value of current for one
cycle is,
Thus, one cycle = 0
Similarly, the average value of
the voltage (or emf) for one cycle is zero.
Since, these averages for the
whole cycle are zero, the dc instrument will indicate zero deflection. In ac,
the average value of current is defined as its average taken over half the
cycle. Hence,
This is sometimes simply
written as, iav. Hence,
iav =
Half Cycle = 2/π i0 ≈ 0.637 i0
Similarly, Vav = (2/π)V0 ≈
0.637 V0
A dc meter can be used in an ac
circuit if it is connected in the full wave rectifier circuit. The average
value of the rectified current is the same as the average current in any half
cycle, i.e., 2/π time the maximum current i0.
A more useful way to describe a quantity is the root mean square (rms) value.
We square the instantaneous current, take the average (mean) value of i2 and
finally take the square root of that average. This procedure defines the
root-mean-square current denoted as irms. Even when i is negative, i2 is
always positive so irms is never zero (unless i is zero at every instant).
Hence,
Similarly, we get RMS value Vrms = V0/√2 ≈ 0.707 V0
Similarly, we get RMS value Vrms = V0/√2 ≈ 0.707 V0
The square root of the mean
square value is called the virtual value and is the value give by ac
instruments.
Thus, when we speak of our
house hold power supply as 220 volts ac, this means that the rms voltage is 220
volts and its voltage amplitude is,
V0 =
√2Vrms =
311 volt
Form Factor
The
ratio, rms value/average value = (V0/√2)/(2V0/π)
is known as form factor,
Note:
1. The average value of sin wt,
cos wt, sin2wt, cos2wt, etc. is zero because it is positive half of the time
and negative rest half of the time. Thus,
= i0 sin
(ωt ±
f),
V = V0 sin (ωt ± f)
or i = i0 cos (ωt ±
f), and V = V0 cos
(ωt ± f)